VOT Analysis of L1 and L2 Speakers of Itza’

Authors

  • Jack Mahlmann University of Toronto, CA

Abstract

This study explores Voice Onset Time (VOT) in Itza’, a critically endangered Mayan language. VOT is the amount of time elapsed between the release burst of a stop sound such as /p/ or /t/ and the onset of voicing associated with the following vowel; this measurement can vary for the same phoneme across languages and intra-language variation is also found. Research on other languages like SENĆOŦEN has reported that L2 teachers produced a ”stronger” ejective /t’/ than L1 elders, with a longer VOT (Bird 2020). Itza’ is in a similar situation as SENĆOŦEN, with ongoing language revitalization efforts focused on producing a new generation of L2 speakers; this motivated the present analysis of Itza’ ejectives to determine whether there are differences in VOT values of ejective stops and to discuss how this may impact language revitalization efforts. Elicitation sessions using a wordlist with 8 Itza’ speakers (L1 and L2) produced 216 tokens of ejective and plain stops followed by both /a/ and /u/. VOT was segmented and extracted using Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2022). A mixed-effects model was created using R (Bates et al. 2015) with L1/L2 status, airstream mechanism, place of articulation, and following vowel as fixed effects and Speaker ID as grouping variable. L1/L2 speaker status was found to have a significant effect on VOT at the p < 0.05 level, with L1 speakers having a higher VOT than L2s. This could indicate that ejectives in Itza’ are weakening over time, which may have long-term effects on the retention of these sounds in the language due to reduced salience (Ham 2008, 61–62). An effect of vowel at the p < 0.05 level was also found: stops followed by vowel /a/ had a higher VOT than those followed by vowel /u/. Bibliography Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. Bird, S. (2020). Pronunciation among adult Indigenous language learners. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 6(2), 148–179. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2022). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (6.3.02). Ham, S. (2008). Tsilhqut’in Ejectives: A Descriptive Phonetic Study [Thesis]. University of Victoria.

Additional Files

Published

2023-10-09

How to Cite

1.
Mahlmann J. VOT Analysis of L1 and L2 Speakers of Itza’. Canadian Acoustics [Internet]. 2023 Oct. 9 [cited 2024 Nov. 3];51(3):214-5. Available from: https://jcaa.caa-aca.ca/index.php/jcaa/article/view/4108

Issue

Vol. 51 No. 3 (2023): Proceedings of Acoustics Week in Canada 2023 Conference

Section

Proceedings of the Acoustics Week in Canada

License

Author Licensing Addendum

This Licensing Addendum ("Addendum") is entered into between the undersigned Author(s) and Canadian Acoustics journal published by the Canadian Acoustical Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Publisher"). The Author(s) and the Publisher agree as follows:

  1. Retained Rights: The Author(s) retain(s) the following rights:

    • The right to reproduce, distribute, and publicly display the Work on the Author's personal website or the website of the Author's institution.
    • The right to use the Work in the Author's teaching activities and presentations.
    • The right to include the Work in a compilation for the Author's personal use, not for sale.

  2. Grant of License: The Author(s) grant(s) to the Publisher a worldwide exclusive license to publish, reproduce, distribute, and display the Work in Canadian Acoustics and any other formats and media deemed appropriate by the Publisher.

  3. Attribution: The Publisher agrees to include proper attribution to the Author(s) in all publications and reproductions of the Work.

  4. No Conflict: This Addendum is intended to be in harmony with, and not in conflict with, the terms and conditions of the original agreement entered into between the Author(s) and the Publisher.

  5. Copyright Clause: Copyright on articles is held by the Author(s). The corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all Authors and does grant on behalf of all Authors, a worldwide exclusive license to the Publisher and its licensees in perpetuity, in all forms, formats, and media (whether known now or created in the future), including but not limited to the rights to publish, reproduce, distribute, display, store, translate, create adaptations, reprints, include within collections, and create summaries, extracts, and/or abstracts of the Contribution.